Floodplains are defined in Sec. 6(c) of Executive Order 11988 as lowland and relatively flat areas adjoining inland and coastal waters, including flood-prone areas of offshore islands. Federal agencies are required to engage in floodplain reviews before acquiring, managing, and disposing federal lands, and facilities; providing federally undertaken, financed, or assisted construction and improvements; and conducting federal activities and programs affecting land use, including but not limited to water and related land resources planning, regulating, and licensing activities. Executive Order 13690 established a Federal Flood Risk Management Standard (FFRMS) for floodplain reviews based on one of four approaches: freeboard value approach, 0.2-percent-annual-chance flood value approach, a climate-informed science approach that uses the best available, actionable science, or the elevation and flood hazard area that result from using any other method identified in an update to the FFRMS.